Ethology and
Behavioral Ecology

(Biology 287)

Dr. Ken Prestwich

Class Materials and Schedule
Spring Semester 2010

College of the Holy Cross

 

Horns evolve for a number of reasons. One may be that they act as signals and are, perhaps, "honest" indicators of the condition of the signaler. This is a photo of a male bighorn sheep ram, Ovis canadensis. Photo from Jasper National Park, Alberta. KN Prestwich, 2006.

This course will next be offered either in Spring 2011 and/or Spring 2012 but will probably be taught by Brian Moskalik.

Ethogram Assignment

Kinematic Diagram Data and Assignment (by March 5_

Instructions for Term Paper

Example of a 2010 First Draft (CHC Access only)

Link to an example of a paper (available Monday March 8)

Instructions for acoustics or optimal foraging exercise.

Term Paper Due Dates (100 pts)

DATE & CLASS NUMBER
TOPICS and ASSIGNMENT

Jan. 20 (W)
Cl #1

An Introduction to the Methodologies of the Sciences of Animal Behavior

Q&A on course structure (see course information sheet above).
Introduction. What is the study of animal behavior, what does it rest on, and why is it a valuable enterprise?
The history of the study of animal behavior, part 1: The methods and ideas of classical ethology.

 
Handouts and Assignments

Jan. 22 (F)
Cl #2

Classical ethology: its terminology, paradigm, and models of the generation of behavior.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
Jan. 25 (M)
Cl #3

Methods of ethology: observational techniques, behavioral catalogs: ethograms and kinematic diagrams, experiments.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
About ethograms and kinematic diagrams
(originally given for Friday)

Jan. 27 (W)
Cl #4

Comparative psychology and behaviorism.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
It's been a while -- be sure to look over the reading assignment for class #1 as regards comparative psy.
Jan. 29 (F)
Cl #5
The Nature-Nurture Conflict and the History of Studies of Animal Behavior

The crises in classical ethology and comparative psychology.
Sociobiology and behavioral ecology.

 

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
Also be sure that you have read Alcock Ch. 1 (previously assigned)
Out of Class "Lab"
Assignment: Practical Project (we will discuss when to start this in class, no reason to read the exercise until we start as ethograms have already been covered in class.
Limited Ethogram of Betta splendans, part 1
Feb. 1 (M)
Cl #6

Finish history. Brief discussion of infanticide (see above)

Mechanisms Responsible for Behavior -- From Genes and the Environment to Structure to Behavior.
Part 1. Genes and behavior


Begin genes and behavior -- how do we know that genotypic differences are linked to behavioral differences?

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

PP - Finish intellectual history of the field. Begin genes and behavior.
(CHC access only)
updated PP as a zipped file -- open the PP; you should also be able to hear the sounds in the PP if you keep the PP in the folder with the sounds.

Feb. 3 (W)
Cl #7

Several examples of easily demonstrated linkages between genotype and behavior.
The heritability concept.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
Same as previous class

Solutions to heritability problems
PLEASE BE SURE TO TRY THE PROBLEMS FIRST

revised PP - Heritability
(CHC access only)

Feb. 5 (F)
Cl #8

Finish heritability.

Mechanisms Responsible for Behavior -- From Genes and the Environment to Structure to Behavior.
Part 2. Development and Behavior

Gene-environment interaction: The development of behavior.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
revised PP - Finish Heritability and Begin Development
(CHC access only-- the AV will NOT play in this version but it is much smaller)
revised PP - Finish Heritability and Begin Development as Zipped file
(CHC access only-- the AV will play in this version provided you keep the ppt file in the folder. It is a very large (50 mB) file)
Feb. 8 (M)
Cl #9

Brief (5 - 10 mins) discussion about domesticity and selection (saved from Friday).
Development, continued.

  • Non-associative forms of learning.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

revised PP - Development part 2
(CHC access only-- the AV will NOT play in this version)
revised PP - Development part 2 as Zipped file
(CHC access only-- the audio will play in this version, provided you keep the ppt file in the folder. It is a moderately large file ~7mB)
Feb. 10 (W)
Cl #10

Classical, & operant learning.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
No new assignment
Feb. 12 (F)
Cl #11

Spatial learning. Imprinting.
Social learning and animal culture. Exam 1 material ends with the transmission of animal "cultures."

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

Feb. 15 (M)
Cl #12

Finish social learning and animal culture. Exam 1 material ends with the transmission of animal "cultures" and the zebra finch paper. Alcock Ch. 4 is NOT on the exam -- readings for exam #1 are the handouts and Chs 1, 2 (in part) and 3.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

revised Development part 5 -- minimal version
(CHC access only)

revised PP - Development part 5 with audio files and optional paper (see announcement for Monday Feb 15)
(CHC access only)

Feb. 17 (W)
Cl #13

EXAM #1 -- ALL MATERIAL THROUGH ANIMAL CULTURES (see note for Feb. 15)

Feb. 19 (F)
Cl #14
Mechanisms Responsible for Behavior -- From Genes and the Environment to Structure to Behavior.
Part 3. Neural and Endocrine Mechanisms

An exploration of how neural pathways are wired in the interplay of experience and genetic information.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

revised Development part 6
(CHC access only)

Feb. 22 (M)
Cl #15

The Interactive theory of development -- LGN wiring example

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

revised Development part 7
(CHC access only)

Feb. 24 (W)
Cl #16

Finish LGN example

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

revised PP
(CHC access only)

Feb. 26 (F)
Cl #17

Examples of integrated network function -- Bat avoidance by noctuid moths and crickets.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

revised PP
(CHC access only)

Feb. 26 to March 7: Spring Break!

Mar. 8 (M)
Cl #18

The mechanisms that produce behavior, continued.
Finish avoidance behavior mechanism example.
Rhythms
The adaptive value of learning.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

Alcock Ch. 5

revised PP
(CHC access only)
Mar. 10 (W)
Cl #19

Rhythms
The adaptive value of learning.

Go over any questions from Chapter 5 reading

The New Science of Cognitive Ethology


Start Cognitive ethology
-- the "new old" frontier of animal behavior:

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
Optional internet reading assignment
Philosophy and Cognitive Ethology
(by Prof. Colin Allen of Texas A&M
revised PP
(CHC access only)
Mar. 12 (F)
Cl #20

Can animals think? Are animals conscious? Are these worthwhile (scientific questions) or are there better questions to ask?

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
I urge you again to take a look at the cognitive ethology website linked in the previous class
revised PP
(CHC access only)
March 15 (M)
Cl #21

The solvable problems approach.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
Tool making in crows
(CHC access only)
review the readings on elephants
revised PP (CHC access only)
March 17 (W)
Cl #22

Expectancy violation as a method.
Hauser's and others notions of "Mental toolkits" -- navigation, tool-making and numbers.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
review readings on tool making and provisioning (above) -- we will discuss these.
revised PP (CHC access only)
March 19 (F)
Cl #23

Examples of lines of investigation:

  • Navigation.
  • Tool-making.

Foresight in animals?
Antecedents of human moral sense? (we will probably not get to this until Friday)

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

SAME AS ABOVE

REVISED PP (CHC access only)
March 22 (M)
Cl #24
Communication

Begin Communication-- The importance of sender, receiver, and environment.
Characteristics of communication channels.
Information transfer defined by their cost and benefits to senders and receivers.


Handouts, Assignments and Resources

Article about evolution as tinkering vs. engineering

Please note that this classic article should, along with the text, give you excellent insight into the process of evolution by natural selection. There is an extensive set of questions provided with the article but they are largely included to guide your reading -- do not study them explicitly for the next exam (but be sure you understand the author's main points!).

Continue to read Alcock Chapter 9

Notes on evolution and pop. genetics
and
Notes on kin selection

Note: both of these note sets are useful general references for much of the rest of the course. You will not be tested explicitly on them but you should be familiar with the concepts and calculations found in them. The kin selection notes in particular will be considered in much more detail later (after exam 2 -- they are simply a general resource for the moment).

REVISED PP (CHC access only)

March 24 (W)
Cl #25

TITLE AND LITERATURE LIST DUE FOR TERM PAPER (ELECTRONIC SUBMISSION ONLY
Title will be OKd by Monday March 29.

Cooperative signaling -- conditions favoring the evolution of cooperative signals in related and unrelated individuals.
Effects of channel on signal evolution. -- END OF MATERIAL FOR EXAM #2
Effects imposed by the receiver on the evolution of signals.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
same as previous class
REVISED PP (CHC access only)
March 26 (F)
Cl #26
EXAM #2

March 29 (M)
Cl #27

Cooperative signaling and sexual selection.
Fisherian signals.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
same as previous class
REVISED PP (CHC access only)
March 31 (W)
Cl #28

Zahavian Mullerian mimics.
Non-cooperative communication

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
REVISED PP (CHC access only)

April 1 (Thurs) thru 5 (Mon): Easter Break

April 7 (W)
Cl #29

Non-cooperative communication, continued.
The evolution of language. What is it and do animals have it.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
REVISED PP (CHC access only)
April 9 (F)
Cl #30
Conflict, Aggression and Fighting

Overview of aggression and proximate and ultimate theories relating to same.
Contests and alternative strategies.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

Class game theory website

REVISED PP (CHC access only)
Resources
Hardy-Weinberg review -- see notes on evolution and pop genetics (given on 3-14, Cl #22)
Population genetics problems solutions
April 12 (M)
Cl #31

An introduction to game theory and the evolutionarily stable strategy concept.
A heuristically useful game: Hawks and Doves.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

same readings as previous class

REVISED PP
(CHC access only)
April 14 (W)
Cl #32
Obtaining Resources (and avoiding becoming one): Foraging, Anti-Predation Behavior, and Habitat Selection

DRAFT of TERM PAPER DUE AT START OF CLASS (paper and electronic)

The logic of display.
Territory and ownership.

 

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

Same as previous class

April 16 (F)
Cl #33

Foraging behavior and how it is studied.
B-C maximization -- several examples

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

April 19 (M)
Cl #34

Rate maximization models of foraging.
Optimal diet and constraint models.
Various critiques of optimality models.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

Resource allocation models handout

REVISED PP notes
(CHC access only)

April 21 (W)
Cl #35

Resource allocation between individuals.
Scramble competition and Ideal free distributions.
Resource defense models


Handouts, Assignments and Resources
same assignment as above
REVISED PP notes
(CHC access only)

April 23 (F)
Cl #36

Finish sunbird example.
Reproductive strategies -- a general overview.

COMMENTED DRAFT TERM PAPERS RETURNED

Handouts, Assignments and Resources
same assignment as above
REVISED PP notes
(CHC access only)
April 26 (M)
Cl #37
Reproduction, Sexual Selection and Mating Systems

Optimality and life histories -- how to partition reproduction.
Why does sex persist and what are the differences between the sexes, evolutionarily speaking? END OF EXAM MATERIAL


Handouts, Assignments and Resources
REVISED PP notes
(CHC access only)
April 28 (W)
Cl #38

EXAM #3 -- EFFECTS OF RECEIVERS ON SIGNALS THROUGH CLASS ON MONDAY 26 APRIL

April 30 (F)
Cl #39

Fisher's rule for allocation of offspring sexes.
Mating systems.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

May 3 (M)
Cl #40

FINAL DRAFT OF TERM PAPER DUE AT START OF CLASS (electronic and paper)

Polyandry and polygyny.
Polygyny threshold model.

Finish mating systems.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

REVISED PP notes
(Both CHC access only)

overflow
Parental behavior, kinship & social behavior


Patterns of parental care.Mate desertion
Parent/offspring conflict
Sibling interactions. The cold calculations of being an older sib.

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

Models of parent/offspring conflict

Alcock Ch. Study questions
PP
(CHC access only)

Introduction -- What is social behavior?
A survey of social behavior in animals and the social - solitary continuum
Social behavior in animals that the selective pressures invoked to explain it

Handouts, Assignments and Resources

Proposed mechanisms for the evolution of cooperative social behavior

Alcock Ch. Study questions

PP notes
(CHC access only)

May 5 (W) STUDY PERIOD BEGINS

May 10 (MONDAY)
 COMPREHENSIVE Final Exam 8:30 AM (175 PTS)

College of the Holy Cross

The Biology Department

Ken Prestwich's Homepage

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Giant swallowtail caterpillar (Papilio cresphontes).