Title Page | Spanish Civil War |
Mexican Revolution | Third Reich |
Soviet Empire | People's Republic of China |
---------- First Victims of Communism (Analecta O. S. B. M., 1953)
---------- Martyrology of the Ukrainian Churches
(Biblioteka Smoloskypa,
1985)
---------- "Soviet Repression of the Ukrainian Catholic
Church," U. S.
Department of State Bulletin, 87: 2120 (Mar. 1987), 47-52
Alagiagian, Peter, My Prisons in Soviet Paradise (trans. by Mary Henez; Harpell’s, 1969)
Alov, A. A., Katolitsizm, Protestantizin, Armianskaia
Apostolskaia
Tserkov
v Rossii (Institut Naslediia, 1995)
Ammann, Albert Maria, Storia della Chiesa Russa e dei Paesi Limitorofi (Unione Typografico, 1948)
Andrew, Christopher, and Mitrokhin, Vasili, The Sword and the Shield (Basic Books, 1999)
Barth, Hilarius M., Im Feverofen (Johannes-Verlag, 1978)
Bernstein, Carl, and Marco Politi, His Holiness (Doubleday, 1996)
Bissonnette, Georges, Moscow was my Parish (McGraw-Hill, 1956)
Blet, Pierre, Pius XII and the Second World War (Paulist, 1999)
Bociurkiw, Bohdan R., "The Ukrainian Catholic Church in the USSR Under Gorbachev," Problems of Communism, 36/6 (Nov. - Dec. 1990), 1-18
---------- The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and
the Soviet
State, 1939-1950 (Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1996)
Bolte, Paul-Emile, Staline et Pie XI (Grand Seminaire, 1944)
Bourdeaux, Michael, Risen Indeed (Darton, Longman & Todd, 1983)
---------- (editor), The Politics of Religion in Russia
and the
New States of Eurasia (M. E. Sharpe, 1995)
Bourgeois, Charles, A Priest in Russia and the Baltic
(Clonmore &
Reynolds, 1953)
Brovkin, Vladimir N., Russia After Lenin (Routledge, 1998)
Carroll, Warren, The Rise and Fall of the Communist Revolution (Christendom College Press, 1995)
----------, 1917: Red Banners, White Mantle (Christendom College Press, 1981)
Casaroli, Agostino, Martyrdom of Patience [Il
Martirio della Pazienza]
(Einaudi, 2000)
Chrysostom, John, Church and State in Soviet Russia
(Haus der
Begegnung, 1966)
Ciszek, Walter J. (with Daniel L. Flaherty), With God in Russia (Doubleday, 1964)
Codevilla, Giovanni, Stato e Chiesa nell'Unione Sovietica (Jaca Book, 1972)
----------, Le Comunita Religiose nell'URSS (La Casa di Matriona, 1978)
----------, La Liberta Religiosa nell'Unione Sovietica (La Casa di Matriona, 1985)
----------, Dalla Rivoluzione Bolscevica alla Federazione Russa (Franco Angeli, 1996)
----------, Stato e Chiesa nella Federazione Russa (La Casa di Matriona, 1998)
Conquest, Robert, The Great Terror (Wydawn, 1968)
-----------, Harvest of Sorrow (Oxford University Press, 1986)
Courtois, Stephane, Nicolas Werth, and others, The
Black Book of
Communism (trans. Jonathan Murray and Mark Kramer;
Harvard, 1999)
Cunningham, James W., A Vanquished Hope (St. Vladimir's, 1981)
Dee, Eugene H. van, Sleeping Dogs and Popsicles (University
Press of
America,
1996)
Domanski, Franciszek, The Great Apostle of Russia (s. n., 1953)
Dunn, Dennis I., The Catholic Church and the Soviet Government, 1939-1949 (Columbia, 1977)
Dushnyck, Walter, Martyrdom in Ukraine (America Press, 1947)
Emhardt, William C., Religion in Soviet Russia (Moorehouse, 1929)
Ecclesisastical History Society, Martyrs and Martyrdom (Blackwell, 1993)
Floridi, Alexis U., Moscow and the Vatican (Ardis, 1986)
Gallagher, Louis J., Edmund A. Walsh, S.J. (Benziger, 1962)
Galter, Albert, The Red Book of the Persecuted Church
(Newman
Press,
1957)
George, Father (psued.), God's Underground (Appleton, 1949)
Grunwald, Constantin de, The Churches and the Soviet Union (trans. by G. J. Robinson-Paskevsky; Macmillan, 1962)
Hartfeld, Hermann, Faith Despite the KGB (Christian Herald, 1980)
d'Herbigny, Michel, Eveques Russes en Exil (Pont. Inst. Orientalium, 1931)
Hill, Kent, The Puzzle of the Soviet Church (Multnomah, 1989)
Hosking, Geoffrey A. (editor), Church and State in Russia and Ukraine (St. Martin's, 1991)
Husband, William B., "Godless Communists" (Northern Illinois University Press, 2000)
Hrynchyshyn, Myhailo, Our Christian Heritage (Secretariat - Central Jubilee Committee, 1981)
Hyman, Bruce, "On the Road in Siberia," America, 171, No. 120 (Dec. 31,1994), 18-20
Iosyf, Stefan, Nykolai Charnetskyi (Druk. Holosv. Spasytelia, 1980)
Isaiv, Petro, Persecution of the Ukrainian Catholic Church ("The Way -- Shlakh" Weekly, 1961)
Johnson, Joseph, God's Secret Armies Within the Soviet Empire (Putnam, 1954)
Kaps, Johannes, The Martyrdom of Silesian Priests, 1945-1946 (Kirchliche Hilfsstelle, 1950)
Keleher, Serge, Passion and Resurrection (Stauropegion, 1993)
Khanevich, Vasilii A., Belostokskaia Tragediia ("Tomskii Vestnik", 1993)
Kline, George L., Religious and Anti-Religious Thought in Russia (Chicago U., 1968)
Kolarz, Walter, Religion in the Soviet Union (St. Martin's, 1961)
Korolevsky, Cyril, Metropolitan Andrew (1865-1944)
(trans.
and rev.
S. Keleher; Stauropegion, 1993)
Kozina, Vladimir, "Communism as I Know it," The Fatima Crusader, No. 23(Sept.-Oct. 1987)
Leoni, Pietro, "Spia del Vaticano! " (Edizioni Cinque Lune, 1959)
Lesourd, Paul, Entre Rome et Moscou (Lethielleux, 1976)
Lewin, Kurt I., A Journey Through Illusions (Fithian Press, 1994)
Lord, Daniel, Thanks to the Communists (Queen's Work, 1937)
Luxmoore, Jonathan, "The Iron Curtain's Secrets," The Tablet, January 23, 1999, 106-107
----------- The Vatican and the Red Flag (Geoffrey Chapman, 1999)
Luznycky, Gregory, Persecution and Destruction of the Ukrainian Church by the Russian Bolscheviks (Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1966)
MacEoin, Gary, The Communist War on Religion (Devin-Adair, 1951)
Mailleux, Paul, Exarch Leonid Feodorov (P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 1964)
Marshall, Richard H. Jr. (editor), Aspects of Religion in the Soviet Union, 1917-1967 (U. of Chicago, 1971)
McCullagh, Francis, The Bolshevik Persecution of Christianity (E. P. Dutton, 1942)
Melychuk, Petro, Vladyka Hryhori Khomyshyn (s. n., 1979)
Nazarko, Irynei, Iosakat Kotsylovskyi (Vasyliian, 1954)
Nowicka, Anatolia, Russia and Catholicism (Sarmatian Review, 1989)
Osipova, Irina, In Your Wounds Hide Me (Memorial, 1996)
----------, Si Il Mondo Vi Odia . . . Martiri Per La Fede Nel Regimine Sovietico (La Casa di Matriona, 1997)
Parsons, Howard L., Christianity Today in the USSR (International, 1987)
Pascual, Pierce, The Religion of the Russian People (St. Vladimir's, 1976)
Patmont, Louis R., The Mystery of Iniquity (Graeter Publishing Concern, 1933)
Pekar, Atanasii V., The History of the Church in Carpathian Rus' (trans. Marta Skorupsky; Columbia U. Press, 1992)
Pelikan, Jaroslav J., Confessor Between East and West (W. B. Eerdmans, 1989)
Pierce, Robert, Religion in Russia (Harper, 1946)
Piotrowski, Tadeusz, Vengeance of the Swallows (McFarland, 1994)
Pipes, Richard, The Unknown Lenin (Yale, 1996)
Pius XI, Pope, Atheistic Communism (Encyclical of 19 March 1937)
Poggi, Vincenzo, Per La Storia del Pontificio Istituto Orientale (Pontificio Istituto Orientale, 2000)
Polskii, Mikhail, The New Martyrs of Russia (Monastery Press, 1972)
Pospielovsky, Dimitry, The Russian Church Under the Soviet Regime (St. Vladimir's Semnary, 1984)
Ramet, Sabrina P. (editor), Catholicism and Politics
in Communist
Societies (Duke U. Press, 1990)
Rance, Didier, Catholiques d'Ukraine (2nd ed.; Aide a l'Eglise en detresse, 1992)
Sarmiento, J. Esteban, Un Sacerdote en la URSS y Otros Viajes (Idea Activa, 1986)
Schudlo, Michael, Ukrainian Catholics (Redeemer's Voice, 1951)
Schwark, Bruno, Ihr Name lebt (A. Fromm, 1958)
Slipyi, Iosyf, The Church of the Martyrs (Internationaler Informationsdienst, 1981)
Solanes, Felipe, Apostol a los 18 anos (Ediciones Paulinas, 1959)
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I., The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956 (Westview Press, 1974)
Spinka, Matthew, The Church in Soviet Russia (Oxford U. Press, 1951)
Stehle, Hansjakob, Eastern Politics of the Vatican, 1917-1979 (trans. by Sandra Smith; Ohio, 1981)
Struk, Danilo Huar (editor), Encyclopedia of Ukraine
(5 volumes; U. of
Toronto, 1993)
Struve, N. A., Christians in Contemporary Russia(Scribner, 1967)
Sudaplatov, Pavel, Special Tasks (Little, Brown, 1994)
Szarnicki, Zygmunt V., Polish Martyrs and Others Beatified (Pittsburgh, PA: By the Author, 2003)
Szczesniak, Boleslaw B. (editor), The Russian Revolution
and Religion
(U. of Notre Dame, 1959)
Tang, Dominic, How Inscrutable His Ways! (3rd edition; Condor, 1994)
Terelia, Iosyp, Witness to Apparations and Persecution in the USSR (Faith, 1991)
Thurston, Robert W., Life and Terror in Stalin's Russia (Yale, 1996)
Tindal-Robertson, Timothy, Fatima, Russia & Pope John Paul II (Augustine, 1992)
Tremblay, Emilien, The Ukrainian Paradox (Icon Press, 1982)
Tretjakewitsch, Leon, Bishop Michel d'Herbigny S.J. and Russia (Augustinus, 1990)
Volkogonov, Dmitri A., Stalin (Grove Weidenfelt, 1991)
----------, Autopsy for an Empire (Free Press, 1998)
Wenger, Antoine, Catholiques en Russie d'apres les Archives du KGB 1920- 1960 (Desclee de Brouwer, 1996)
----------, Rome et Moscu (Desclee de Brower, 1987)
Werth, Joseph, The Church and the Russian-Germans in
the Siberian
Homeland Today (North Dakota State U., 1996)
[White Book on the Religious Persecution in Ukraine],
First
Victims of
Communism
(Analecta O. S. B. M., 1953)
Wojnar, Meletius M., "Ukrainian (Rutenian) Rite," New
Catholic
Encyclopedia, 14 (McGraw-Hill, 1967), 372-375
Zatko, James J., Descent Into Darkness (Notre Dame, 1965)
Zugger, Christopher, The Forgotten (Syracuse University,
2001)
-------- Finding a Hidden Church (Eastern
Christian Publications, 2009)
--------"Catholics in the Gulag," Religion, Human Rights, and the Gulag (ed. John Michalczyk and Naomi Blumberg; Etoile International, 2007)
Carloni, Maria Teresa, Una Missione per la Chiesa Persequitata (EMI, 1990)
Daim, Wilfried, The Vatican and Eastern Europe (Ungar, 1970)
Del Rio, Domenico, San Pietro e il Cremlino (Piemme, 1991)
Diocese of Urbania, Luci Nelle Tenbre (Commissione Diocesana per la Chiesa di Silenzio, 1980)
Dzwonkowski, Roman, Sentenced as Vatican Spies (2 volumes; Apostolicum 1998)
Gussoni, Lino, and Brunello, Aristide, The Silent Church (Veritas, 1954)
Hedberg, Augustin, Faith Under Fire and the Revolutions in Eastern Europe (Sturges, 1992)
International Slavic Conference, Marxism and Religion in Eastem Europe (D. Reidel, 1975)
Luxmoore, Jonathan,The Vatican and the Red Flag
(Geoffrey Chapman,
1999)
Michel, Patrick, Politics and Religion in Eastern Europe (Polity, 1991)
Moll,
Helmut (coordinator), German Catholic Martyrs of the Twentieth
Century (German Conference of Bishops, 1999)
Moore, Brian, The Colour of Blood (Cape, 1987)
Nalls, Donald E.,, Catholics, Eastern Europeans and the Cold War, 1950-1954 (M. A., U. of VA, 1985)
O'Grady, Desmond, The Turned Card (Gracewing, 1995)
Pax Christi, Catholics in Eastern Europe (Pax Christi Netherlands, 1989)
Pekar, Athanasius B., History of the Church in Carpathian Rus' (trans. Martha Skorupsky; Columbia University, 1992)
Pius XII, Pope, Encyclical on Churches of Eastern Europe (15 December 1952)
Ramet, Sabrina P., Cross and Commissar (Indiana U., 1987)
Slivka, John, The History of the Greek Rite Catholics in Pannonia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Podkarpatska Rus (Slivka, 1974)
Sorokowski, Andrew, Ukrainian Catholics and Orthodox
in Poland and
Czechoslovakia
(Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1988)
Szalay, Jeromos, Verites sur l'Europe Centrale (s. n., 1955)
Tondi, Alighiero, La Chiesa del Silenzio (Edizione di Cukltural Sociale, 1954)
Weigel, George, The Final Revolution (Oxford, 1992)
***
ALBANIA
Bashati, Myfit Q., "An Eyewitness Account of the Last Days of Fr. Daniel Dajani, S. J.," Albanian Catholic Bulletin, 15 (1994), 32 ff.
Gardin, Giacomo, Banishing God in Albania (Ignatius, 1988)
---------- "Father Gjon Karma's Slow Road to Martyrdom,"
Albanian
Catholic Bulletin, 11 (1990),
57
Rance, Didier, Ils ont voulu tuer Dieu: Albanie: la
persecution contre l'Egliste catholique,
1944-1991 (Paris: Aide a l'Eglise detresse, 1996)
Sinishta, Gjon, The Fulfilled Promise (Sinishta, 1976)
***
BULGARIA
Cavalli, Fiorello, "Persecuzione Religiosa Nella Repubblica
Popolare
Bulgaria," La Civilta Cattolica, 104:1 (1953), 138-152
Grandhomme, Jean-Noel, and Rance, Didier, Catholiques de Bulgarie (Aid to the Church in Need, 2004)
Slavonic and East European Studies, Towards a New Community
(U. of
London,1993)
***
Carloni, Maria Teresa, Il Cardinale Scomodo (Bramante, 1972)
Chalupa, V., Situation of the Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia (Czechoslovak Foreign Institute in Exile, 1959)
Hlinka, Anton, Sila Slabych a Slabost Silynch (Logos, 1989)
Korbel, Josef, The Communist Subversion of Czechoslovakia
(Princeton
U. 1959)
Korec, Jan C., La Notte dei Barbari (trans. by
Michele Dusik; Casale
Monferrato, 1993)
Mikus, Joseph A., Three Slovak Bishops (Slovak Catholic Federation, 1953)
Nemec, Frantisek, Episcopal and Vatican Reaction to the Persecution of the Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia (Catholic University of America, 1953)
---------- The Soviet Seizure of Subcarpathian Ruthenia (Hyperion, 1955)
---------- Church and State in Czechoslovakia (Vantage, 1955)
---------- "Stepan Cardinal Trochta," Catholic Historical
Review, 74: 4
(October 1978)
Pavlik, Jan, On the Way to Jesus! (Refugium, 1998)
Petek, John, Archbishop Joseph Beran (University of Notre Dame, 1964)
Ripka, Hubert, Le Coup de Prague (Plon, 1949)
Society of Jesus, Catalogus Viceprovinciae Slovakiae 1944
Taborsky, Edward J., Communism in Czechoslovakia (Princeton U., 1961)
Vojtassak, Jan, The Trial of the Three Slovak Bishops (Orbis, 1951)
Wheaton, Bernard, and Zdenek Kavan, The Velvet Revolution (Westview1992)
Zela, Stanislav, The Trial of Vatican Agents in Czechoslovakia (Orbis, 1951)
Zubek, Theodoric J., "Slovak Bishops -- Martyrs for Christ,"
The
Jurist
(October 1955)
---------- The Church in Silence in Slovakia (J. J. Lach, 1956)
***
EAST GERMANY
Solberg, Richard W., God and Caesar in East Germany (Macmillan, 1961)
***
Grulich, Rudolf, "Neue Dokumente uber Erzbischof Eduard Profittlich,"ESTONIA
Klinke, Lambert, Erzbischof Eduard Profittlich und die Katholische Kirche in Estland, 1930-1942 (Giessen, 1999)
Salo, Vello, "The Catholic Church in Estonia, 1918-2001," The Catholic Historical Review, lxxxviii, No. 2 (April, 2002), 281-292
Voobus, Arthur, The Martyrs of Estonia (Etse, 1984)
***
HUNGARY
Fehervary, Istvan, The Long Road to Revolution (Pro Libertate, 1989)
Havasy, Gyula, Martyrs of the Faith (Havasy, 1990)
Mindszenty, Josef, Memoirs (Macmillan, 1974)
Pius XII, Pope, Luctuosissimi Eventus (Encyclical on the Church in Hungary)October 28, 1956
Vecsey, Josef, Mindszenty the Man (Cardinal Mindszenty Foundation, 1972)
***
LATVIA
---------- The Catholic Church of Latvia Under the
Bolshevik Torture
(E. Olofssons, 1950)
Billmanis, Alfteds, The Church in Latvia (Drauga, 1945)
Rancans, Jazeps, Biskaps Jazeps Rancans (Astras, 1977)
Vaivods, Julijans, Isas Macibas (Rigas Metroppolijas Kurijas, 1993)
***
LITHUANIA
Bourdeaux, Michael, Land of the Crosses (Augustin, 1979)
"Chretiens de I'Est" (editors), Catholics in Soviet-Occupied Lithuania (trans. by Vita Matusaitis and Casimir Pugevicius; Aid to the Church in Need, 1981)
Catalogus Viceprov. Lithuaniae Societatis Iesu et Missionis Indep. Lettoniae et Estoniae Dispersae, Ineunte anno 1969
Gaida, Pranas, Undying Mortal (trans. by
A. Jurgelaitis; Lights of
Homeland, 1997)
Krigtanavicius, Bronius, Lietuvos Jezuita (Immaculata, 1972)
Pugevicius, Casimir (trans.), Chronicle of the Catholic
Church in Lithuania
(volumes 1 to 79; Brooklyn: Lithuanian Catholic Religious
Aid, 1972-1988)
Sadunaite, Nijole, A Radiance in the Gulag (trans. by Casmir Pugevicius and Marian Skabeikis; Trinity Communications, 1987)
Suziedelis, Simas (editor), Encyclopedia Lituanica (J. Kapocius, 1970-74)
Suziedelis, Sauklius, The Sword and the Cross (Our Sunday Visitor, 1988)
Vardys, Vytea S., The Catholic Church, Dissent and
Nationality in
Soviet
Lithuania (East European Quarterly, 1978)
***
POLAND
---------- The Unplanned Society (Columbia U., 1991)
Gross, Jan Tomasz, Revolution from Abroad (Princeton University, 1988)
Helsztynski, Stanislaw, Ks. Ignacy Skorupka (Drukarnia
"Rola" J. Buriana,
1929)
Kaps, John, The Martyrdom of Silesian Priests 1945-1946
(Kirchliche
Hilfsstelle, 1950)
Michnik, Adam, The Church and the Left (U. of Chicago, 1993)
--------- "The Church and the Martyr's Stake in Poland," New Perspectives Quarterly, 10: 3 (Summer 1993), 32-37
Piotrowski, Tadeusz, Vengeance of the Swallows (McFarland & Co., 1995)
Sikorska, Guzyna, Jerzy Popieluszko (Eerdmans, 1985)
Zdaniewicz, Witold, Kosciol Katolicki w Polsce (Pallottinum 1989)
Weigel, George, Witness to Hope (Cliff Street Books, 1999)
***
ROMANIA
Anania, Valeriu, Pro Memoria (Editura Institutului Biblic, 1992)
Catalogus Viceprovincia Romaniae Anni 1939
Ciubota, Viorel, Vicariatul National Roman din Carei (Museului Satmarean, 1997)
Corley, Felix, In the Eye of the Romanian Storm (F. H. Revell, 1990)
Domokos, Pal Peter, Renduletlenul (Eotvos Kiado, 1990)
Fischer-Galati, Stephen, Twentieth Century Rumania (Columbia U., 1970)
Gherman, Pierre, L'Ame Roumaine Ecartelee (Les Editions du Cedre, 1955)
Mircea, Alejandro, Persecucion Comunista de la Religioni
en Rumania
(Ediciones "Carpati", 1954)
Netzhammer, Raymond, Bischof in Rumanien
(Sudostdeutsches Kulturwerk,
1995)
Orthodox Archdiocese of Cluj, Witnesses Behind Bars (Editura Ramuda, 1996)
Parmelee, Jennifer, "Pope Names 12 Bishops in Move Towards Romania," The Washington Post, March 15, 1990
Ploscaru, Ioan, Lanturi si Teroare (Editura Signata, 1993)
Prundus, Silvestru A., and Clemente Plaianu, Catholicism si Orthodoxie Romaneassa (Casa de Editura Viata Crestina, 1994)
Rance, Didier, Courage et Fidelite e L'Eglise Greco-Catholique Unie (Aid to the Church in Need, 2004)
Szalay, Jeromos, Vertanu Puspok, Vertanu Nepe (Mission
Catholique
Hongroise, 1953)
Taft, Robert, "Romania's Bad Memories," The Tablet, November 28, 1998, 1566-1567
Wurmbrand, In God's Underground (Hodder & Stoughton,
1968)
***
YUGOSLAVIA
Landercy, M., Le Cardinal Stepinac (Apostolat: des Editions, 1981)
Lourovich, Giovanni E., Pietro Doimo Muzani Archivescovo
di Zadar
(S. Lucia, 1978)
Maclean, Fitzroy, The Heretic (Harper, 1957)
Mattei, Gianpaolo, Il Cardinal Alojzije Stepinac (L'Osservatore Romano, 1999)
Omrcanin, Ivo, Martyrologe Crote (Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1962)
Pattee, Richard, The Case of Cardinal Aloysius Stepinac (Bruce, 1953)
***
CONFESSORS & MARTYRS
***
The Great Cardinals of the Soviet Empire:
Josef
Cardinal Beran of Prague (1888-1969)
Jozsef
Cardinal Mindszenty of Esztergom (1892-1975)
Josef
Cardinal Slipyj of Lviv (1892-1984)
Blessed
Alojzije Cardinal Stepinac of Zagreb (1898-1960)
Stefan
Cardinal Wyszynski of Warsaw & Gniezno (1901-1981)
***
SOVIET UNION
The Catholic
Martyrs of Russia
Roman
Catholic Martyr Bishops
Royal
Martyrs of Russia
Orthodox
Martyrs
Of more than 900 Catholic priests in 1920, there
were about 300 in 1930.
140 Roman Catholic Priests Shot in a Year (1937-1938)
At Sandormoch in 1997 the remains of 1 bishop and 40
priests found.
***
PRELATES:
The Blessed
Blessed
Nykyta Budka, Auxiliary Bishop of Lviv (1877-1949) +
Blessed
Nicholas Charnestsky, Apostolic Visitor of Volyn (1884-1959) +
Blessed
Leonid Feodorov, Exarch of the Russian Byzantine Rite (1879-1935) +
Blessed
Gregory Khomyshyn, Bishop of Stanislav (1867-1947) +
Blessed
Josaphat Kotsylovsky, Bishop of Peremyshl (1876-1947) +
Blessed
Gregory Lakota, Auxiliary Bishop of Peremyshl (1883-1950) +
Blessed
Simeon Lukach, Auxiliary Bishop of Stanislav (1893-1964) +
Blessed
Teodor G. Romzha, Bishop of Mukachiv-Uzhgorod (1911- 1947) +
Blessed
Kliment Sheptytsky, Exarch of Russia & Siberia (1869-1951) +
Blessed
John Sleziuk, Auxiliary Bishop of Stanislav (1896-1973) +
Blessed
Vasyl Velychkovsky, Archbishop of IvanoFrankivsk (1903-1973) +
Blessed
Peter Verhun, Apostolic Visitor to Ukrainians (1890-1957) +
The Others
The
Vicar General Constantine Budkiewicz of Mohilev (1867-1923) +
Basilian
Bishop Irynej Bilyk of Ivano Frankivsk (b. 1950)
Bishop
Alexander Chira of the Carpatho-Ukrainians (1897-1983)
Archbishop
Jan B.Cieplak of Mohilev (1857-1926)
Basilian
Bishop Emeritus Sofron Dmyterko of Ivan Frankivsk (b. 1917)
Bishop
Alexander Frison of Odessa (1875-1937) +
Bishop
Josyf Holovacz of Uzhorod [Mukacheve] (b. 1924)
Lubomyr
Cardinal Husar of Lviv (b. 1933)
Marian
Cardinal Jaworski of Lviv (b. 1926)
Bishop
Philemon Kurchaba of Drohobych (b. 1913)
Auxiliary
Bishop John Latysevskyj of Stanislav (1879-1959) +
Cardinal
Ivan Myroslav Lubachivsky of Lviv (1914-2000)
Bishop
Ivan Marghitych of Uzhorod [Mukacheve] (1921)
Assumptionist
Bishop Pius Eugene Neveu (1877-1946)
Janis
Cardinal Pujats of Riga (b. 1930)
Apostolic
Administrator Bartholomew Remov of Moscow (d. 1935) +
Archbishop
Edward van der Ropp of Mohilev (1851-1939) +
Bishop
Mykhajlo Sabricha of Lviv
Bishop
Ivan Semedi of Uzhorod [Mukacheve] (b. 1921)
Metropolitan
Andrew Sheptytsky of Lviv (1865-1944)
Josef
Cardinal Slipyj of Lviv (1892-1984)
Bishop
Boleslavs Sloskans of Minsk-Mohilev (1893-1981)
Redemptorist
Archbishop Volodymyr Sterniuk of Lviv (1907-1997)
Kazimierz
Cardinal Swiatek of Minsk-Mohilev (b. 1914)
Bishop
Pavlo Vasylyk of Kolomyih-Chernivtsi (b. 1926)
Bishop
Julian Woronowsky of Lviv
BLESSED:
Priests
Blessed
Andrew Ishchak (1887-1941) +
Blessed
Mykola Konrad (1876-1941) +
Blessed
Omeljan Kovch (1884-1944) +
Blessed
Roman Lysko (1914-1949) +
Blessed
Nicholas Tsehelsky (1896-1951) +
Blessed
Oleksa Zarytsky (1912-1963) +
Basilians:
Blessed
Severian Baranyk (1889-1941) +
Blessed
Vitaliy Bayrak (1907-1946) +
Blessed
Yakym Senkiusky (1896-1941) +
Redemptorists
Blessed
Nicholas Charnestsky, Apostolic Visitor of Volyn (1884-1959) +
Blessed
Zynovii Kovalyk (1903-1941) +
Blessed
Ivan Ziatyk (1899-1952) +
Nuns:
Sisters of St. Joseph
Blessed
Olympia Bida (1903-1952) +
Blessed
Laurentina Herasymiv (1911-1952) +
Sisters Servants of Mary Immaculate
Blessed
Tarsykia Matskiv (1919-1944) +
Catholic
Sisters Under European Communism
Layman:
Blessed
Volodymyr Pryima (1906-1941) +
Other Priests:
Epifany Akulov (d. 1937)
Potapyev Emilianov
Ladislas Issajewicz
Sergei Karpinski
Felix
Lubycsynsky (d. 1931)
Anthony Racewicz
John Wasilewski
Aleksei Zerchaninov
Jesuits:
Pietro Alagiagian (1894-1981)
Walter
J. Ciszek (1904-1984)
Albinus
Dumbljauskas (1925-1991)
Michel
d'Herbigny (1880-1957)
Pietro
Leoni (1909-1995)
Jerzy
Moskwa (1910-1941)
Victor
Novikov (1905-1979)
Heinrich Ostermann (1912-1973)
Rafael Samper (1918-1949)
Wlodimir
Ledochowski (1866-1942)
Redemptorists:
Ivan Ziatek
Joseph de Vocht
Ukrainian Priests:
Executed
After World War II
Roman
Esip
Omelian Gorchinsky +
Vasyl
Kavacin
Other Nuns
Kamilla Krushelnystka (Nun Executed in 1937 at Sandormosch)
Mother
Catherine Abrikosova of Moscow's Dominican Convent (d. 1936)
Anna Brilliantova (d. 1937)
Sister
Judith Fenyvesi
Ekaterina Gotocheva
Venedykta Kaknykevych
Victoria Lvovnova
Maria Shved (d. 1982) +
Mother Monika Teordorovych-Polianska (d. 1951)
Orthodox Priest:
Alexander
Men (1935-1990)
****
EASTERN EUROPE
Orientales
Ecclesias (15 December 1952)
Twentieth
Century Martyrs of Eastern Europe
***
Albania
Bishops
Bishop Francis Gjini, O. F. M. (d. 1948) +
Mikel
Cardinal Koliqi of Shkodre (1902-1997)
Archbishop
Nicola Vincenzo Prennushi, O. F. M., of Durres (1885-1952) +
Bishop
Bernadino Shlaku, O. F. M., of Pult (1875-1956) +
Archbishop Gaspar Thaci (d. 1945) +
Bishop
George Volaj of Sappa (1904-1948) +
Priests
Jak Bushati
Daniel
D. Dajani, S. J. (1906-1946)
Giovanni
Fausti, S. J. (1899-1946)
Giacomo (Jak) Gardin, S. J. (b. 1905)
Nikoll
Gazulli
Anton
Harapj, O. F. M.(d. 1945) +
Gjon
Karma, S. J. (1896-1975)
Stephen Kurti
Anton Luli, S. J. (b. 1910)
Lek
Luli, O. F. M. (d. 1945) +
Peter Meskalla
Ciprian Nika, O. F. M. (d. 1948) +
Gjon Pantalija, S. J. (1887-1947) +
Ndoc (Antonio) Saraci, S. J. (1875-1947)
Zef Saraci, S. J. (1884-1954)
John
Shallaku, O. F. M. (d. 1945) +
Lazarus
Shantoja (d. 1945) +
Andrew
Zadeja (d. 1945) +
Brothers
Gjon Pantalija, S. J. (1887-1947) +
Brother Vata, S. J.
Martyred Women
Maria Shalaku
Elena Shllaku
Bianca Krosaj
***
Bulgaria
Bishops
Blessed
Vincent Eugene Bossilkov of Nicopolis (1900-1952)
Assumptionists
Blessed
Pavel Djidjov (1919-1952)
Blessed
Josaphat Chichkov (1884-1952)
Blessed
Kamen Vitchev Jonkov (1893-1952)
Others
Capuchins
Fortunato Bakalski (d. 1952)
Damian Ghiulov (15 years in prison)
Flawian Mankin (d. 1944)
Franz Nonov (9 years in prison)
Robert Prustov (15 years in prison)
Jesuits
Borislav Ivantchev [Josef Semmler], S. J. (1933-1993)
***
Czechoslovakia
Blessed Martyrs
Auxiliary
Bishop Basil Hopko of Prjashen (1904-1976) +
Zdenka,
nee Cecilia Schelingova (1916-1955), of the Sisters of Charity of
Holy Cross
Bishops:
Josef
Cardinal Beran of Prague (1888-1969)
Stepan
Cardinal Trochta, S. D. B., of Litomerice (1905-1974)
Bishop
Michal Buzalka of Cone (1885-1961)
Auxiliary
Bishop Peter Dubovsky, S. J., of Banksa Bystra (b. 1921)
Blessed
Bishop Paul P. Gojdich, O. S. B. M., of Prjashen (1888-1960)
Auxiliary
Bishop Pavel Hnilica, S. J., of Rome (b. 1921)
Titular
Bishop Dominik Kalata, S. J., of Semta (b. 1925)
Jan
Cardinal Korec, S. J., of Nitra (b. 1924)
Auxiliary
Bishop Vaclav Maly of Prague (b. 1950)
Bishop Maurice Picha of Hradec-Kralove (1869-1956)
Auxiliary
Bishop Stanislav Zela of Olomouc (1893-1969)
Frantisek
Cardinal Tomasek of Olomouc (1899-1992)
Miloslav
Cardinal Vlk of Prague (b. 1932)
Bishop
Jan Vojtassak of Szepes (1877-1965)
Priests:
Blessed Metod
Dominik Trcka, C. SS. R. (1886-1959)
Jan Barta, O. F. M.
Frantisek
Lizna
Oto Madr
Rudolph Smahel
Antonin Zgarbik, S. J. (1913-1965)
Josef Zverina
Nuns:
Sister
Zdenka Schelingova (1916-1955) +
***
East Germany
Bishops
Lorenz
Cardinal Jaeger of Paderborn (1892-1975)
Bishop
Petrus Legge of Meissen (1882-1951)
Conrad
Cardinal von Preysing of Berlin (1880-1950)
Jesuits
Robert Frater (1915-1987)
Josef Menzel (b. 1916)
Josef Muldner (1911-1984)
Wilhelm Rueter (1911-1987)
***
Estonia
Jesuits
Archbishop
Eduard Profittlich of Estonia (1890-1942) +
Kazimierz Kanski (1889-1971)
Stasys Rimkevicius (1904-1955) +
Henry Werling (1879-1961)
Capuchin
Lucjan Ruszala (1908-1945)
***
Hungary
Bishops
Blessed
BishopVilmos Apor of Gyor (1892-1945)
Archbishop
Jozsef Grosz of Kalocsa (1887-1961)
Bishop
Endre Hamvas of Szeged (1890-1970)
Laszlo
Cardinal Lekai of Esztergom (1910-1976)
Jozsef
Cardinal Mindszenty of Esztergom (1892-1975)
Bishop Nicholas Szarvas (1890-1965)
Blessed
Auxiliary Bishop Zoltan Ludovico Measzlenyi of Esztergom (1892-1951)
Titular
Bishop Istvan Zadravecz, O.F. M., of Domeziopoli (1884-1965)
Jesuits
Bishops
Attila
Mikloshazy (b. 1931)
Priests
Benjamin Jakab (1903-1950)
Ferenc Kajdi (1884-1945)
Antal Laskay (1909-1945)
Jozef Vid (1898-1952)
Brothers
Michael Fekete (1907-1973)
Other Priests
Szalere Kiss
Gyorgy Kolley
Imre Lekai
Ferenz Vezer
***
Kazakhstan
The
Catholic Church in Kazakhstan
***
Latvia
Auxiliary Bishop Kazimirs Dulbinskis of Riga (1906-1991)
Janis Cardinal Pujats of Riga (b. 1930)
Bishop Jazeps Rancans of Riga (1886-1969)
Archbishop
Antonijs Springovics of Riga (1876-1958)
Bishop Anthony Urbss of Leipaja (1879-1965)
Julijans
Cardinal Vaivods of Riga (1895-1990)
***
Lithuania
The
Martyrs of Lithuania
The Hill
of Crosses
Victims
of Communism
***
Bishops
Bishop
Vincentas Borisevicius of Telsiai (1887-1947) +
Bishop
Vincentas Brizgys of Kaunas (1903-1992)
Archbishop
Teofilius Matulionis of Kaisiadorys (1873-1962) +
Bishop
Petras Mazelis of Telsiai (1894-1966)
Bishop
Kasimir Paltarokas of Panevezys (1875-1958)
Bishop
Pranciskus Ramanauskas of Telsiai (1893-1959)
Apostolic
Administrator Mecislovas Reinys of Vilna (1884-1953) +
Archbishop
Juozapas Skvireckas of Kaunas (1873-1959)
Vincentas
Cardinal Sladkevicius, M. I. C., of Kaunas (1920-2000)
Bishop
Justinas Staugaitis of Telsiai (1866-1943)
Julijonas Steponavicius of Vilnius (1911-1991)
Bishop Bernardas Suziedelis of Kaisiadorys (1888-1967)
+
Archbishop
Sigitas Tamkevicius, S. J., of Kaunas (b. 1938)
Priests
Stanislovas Baltrimas (1889-1941) +
Prosperas Bubnys (d. 1941) +
Vladas Didzioks (1912-1941) +
Canon Kemesis +
Bronius
Laurinavicius (d. 1981) +
Alfonsas Lipnickas-Lipniunas (1905-1945)
Leonas Mazeika (d. 1981)
Leonas Sapoka (d. 1980) +
Juozas Seskevicius (b. 1914)
Alfonsas
Svarinskas (b. 1925)
Juozas Zdebskis (1928-1986)
Laity
Balys Beionoravicius
Kazys Ciplys
Petras Liepa
Petras Margevicius
Viktoras Petkus
Antanas Reuba
Nijole
Sadunaite (b. 1938)
Antanas Terleckas
Anatanas Zakevicius
Jesuit Fathers
Benediktas Andruska (1884-1951) +
Antanas Bieliunas (b. 1904) +
Antanas Dabrowski (b. 1896) +
Gerardus Dunda (1914-1996)
Karolis Garuckas (1908-1879)
Jonas Kastytis Matulionis (b. 1931)
Joannes Peeperkorn (1898-1947) +
Jazeps Pudans (1903-1942) +
Antanas
Seskevicius (b. 1914)
Jurgis Smilgevivius (1902-1979)
Jesuit Brothers
Justin Adomaidis (b. 1901) +
Augustus Baltuonis (b. 1901) +
Juozas Jonkus (b. 1902) +
***
Poland
BISHOPS:
Augustyn
Cardinal Hlond, S. D. B., of Gniezno & Posen (1881-1948)
Adam
Cardinal Sapieha of Krakow (1867-1951)
Ignacy
Skorupka (1893-1920) & Heroic Anti-Bolshevik Soldiers
Stefan
Cardinal Wyszynski of Warsaw & Gniezno (1901-1981)
Archbishop Romuald Jalbrzykowski of Wilno (1876 -1955)
Auxiliary Bishop Valentine Dymek of Poznan
Bishiop Stanislaw Okoniewski of Chelmno-Pelplin
Bishop Karol Mieczyslaw Radonski of Wloclawek
PRIESTS:
Wladyslaw
Bukowinski (1904-1974)
Jerzy
Popieluszko (1947-1984)
Boleslas Stefanski
Jesuits
Tadeusz Chabrowski (1909-1941)
Alfons Czyzewski (1897-1953)
Kajetan Gorski (1879-1942)
Antoni Grzybowski (1904-1943)
Jan Haniewski (1873-1942)
Jakub Jagusz (1872-1942)
Kazimierz Konopka (1879-1941)
Mariusz Skibniewski (1881-1939)
Stanislaw Wnek (1859-1944)
Waclow Zaborowski (1904-1958)
***
Romania
***
Twelve
Bishops Died as Martyrs in Prison
400
Priests Perished in Persecutions
At Least 2000 Churches Confiscated
The
Martyred Bishops of Romania
Bishops
Titular
Bishop Vasile Aftenie of Ulpiana (1899-1950) +
Bishop
Ioan Balan of Lugoj (1880-1959) +
Archbishop
Adalbert Boros of Ressiana (b. 1908)
Archbishop Alexander Cisar of Bucharest (1880-1954)
Iuliu
Cardinal Hossu of Cluj-Gherla (1885-1970)
Bishop
Ion Chertes (b. 1912)
Bishop
Tit Liviu Chinezu (d. 1955) +
Bishop
Antonio Durcovici of Iasi (1888-1951)
Bishop
Valeriu Traian Frentiu of Gran Varadino (1875-1946) +
Bishop
Antal Jakob of Alba Julia
Bishop
Iuliu Hirtea
Bishop
Aron Marton of Alba Julia (1896-1980)
Archbishop
Lucian Muresan of Alba Julia & Fargas (b. 1931)
Bishop Raymond Netzhammer, O. S. B., of Bucharest (1862-1945)
Archbishop
Alexandru Nicolescu of Blaj (d. 1946)
Archbishop
Ion Ploscaru of Lugoj (1912-1998)
Bishop
Alexandru Rusu of Mamamures (1884-1965) +
Archbishop Joseph Schubert of Bucharest (1890-1969)
Bishop
Ion Suciu of Moglena (1907-1948) +
Alexandru
Cardinal Todea of Alba Julia & Fagaras (1912-2002)
Priests
Father Joseph Bal
Vicar Louis Boga
Father Ion Escy
Canon Ioan Folea
Father Rafael Friedrich
Monsignor
Vladimir Ghika (1873-1954)
Vicar Marcu Glasser
Father Michael Godo
Canon Iuliu Hirtea
Vicar Tertullian Langa of Romania
Vicar Victor Madavei
Canon Dimitru Manu
Canon Ion Moldovan
Canon Dumitru Neda
Father Onofreiu
Father Iosip Pop
Canon Nicholae Pop
Canon Victor Pop
Father Alexandru Ratiu
Father Vasile Teglasiu
Father Vasile
Franciscans
Anton Bisoc
Father Herciu
Jesuits
Cornel Chira (1904-1953)
Emil Puni (b. 1916)
Vendelin Javorka (1882-1966)
Other Christians
Orthodox Priest Roman Braga
Orthodox Bishop Nicolae Colan of Cluj
Greek Catholic Layman Iuliu Maniu
Philosopher Ion Miclea
Orthodox Metropolitan Irineu Mihalcescu
Professor Eugen Popa
Orthodox Bishop Nicholas Popovici (d. 1958)
Professor Septimus Todoran
Pastor
Richard Wurmbrand (b. 1909)
***
Tajikistan
The
Roman Catholic Church in Tajikistan
***
Ukraine
The
Ukrainian Greek Roman Catholic Church
Martyrs
(1935 to 1973) Beatified by Pope John Paul II in Ukraine:
Boiled,
Crucified, Incinerated, Poisoned, Tortured or Walled In for the Faith
L'Osservatore
Romano's List of Ukrainian Martyrs
130
Ukrainian Catholics Killed by Stalinists
The
Church of the Martyrs
The
Ukrainian Catholic Church
Beatifications
by Pope John Paul II in Ukraine
Beatification
of Thirty Ukrainian
Russian
Orthodox Church
Ukrainian
Orthodox Churches
Persecuted
Ukrainian Bishops
Deported
Ukrainian Roman Catholic Priests
High
Cost of the Fidelity of Ukrainian Catholics
***
Yugoslavia
Blessed
Alojzije Cardinal Stepinac of Zagreb (1898-1960)
"This Croatian Cardinal is the most important
priest in the Catholic Church," said Pope Pius XII.
Franciscan
Bishop Petar Cule of Mostar (1895-1985)
Franjo
Cardinal Kuharic of Zagreb (b. 1919)
Archbishop Pietro Doimo Munzani of Zadar (1890-1951)
Archbishop
Jozef Pogacnik of Ljubljana (1902-1980)
Vinko
Cardinal Puljic of Vrhbosna (b. 1945)
Archbishop
Gregorij Rozman of Ljubljana (1883-1959)
Bishop Ivan Jozef Tomazic of Maribor (1876-1949)
Archbishop
Anton Vovk of Ljubljana (1900-1963)
Priests
Five
Times More Priest Killed Than Under Nazis in Slovenia
Priests
Murdered by Communists in Slovenia
600 Priests Killed Under the Communists in Yugoslavia
Franciscans
According to a Pastoral Letter of Yugoslav Bishops in
1945, twenty-eight Franciscans were killed
without a trial in one monastery
Jesuits
Izidor Bistrovic (1949-1969)
Franjo Bortas (1903-1907)
Jose Bric (1907-1945)
Lambert Erlich (1878-1942)
Martin Meglik 1871-1945)
Josip Muller (1893-1945)
Petar Perica (1881-1944)
Laity
Lojze Grozde (1923-1943)
****
IMAGES
***
Films
THE SOVIET UNION
Soviet
Union
Harvest
of Despair
A
Light in the Darkness
Katyn
Forest Massacre
EASTERN EUROPE
The
Prisoner
Gospa
Stepinac
Guilty
of Treason
Home at
Last
Question
7
Fr.
Jerzy Popieluszko>
Pope
John Paul II
Lithuania,
Land of Martyrs
Interview
with Archbishop of Kaunas
The
Persecution of the Catholic Church in Albania
***
Documents
Events
in Hungary
***
Monuments
***
Relics
***
LINKS
The
Roman Catholic Russian Church
The
Catholic Church of St. Louis of France in Moscow
Communism's
100 Million Victims
Stalin
Himself Responsible for at least 40 Million Deaths
Crucifixion
of Christians by Communists
Eastern
Christianity
Survivors
of Communist Persecutions
The
Russian Major Who Saved the Life of a Future Pope
The
Stalinist Persecution of Poland
An
Orthodox View of theVatican and Russia
The
Russian Orthodox Church
Churches
of Ukraine
Ukrainian
Catholic Churches
Execution
of Ukrainian Priests
Ukrainian Greek
Catholic Church
Catholic
Martyrs of Russia
The
Martyrs of Poland
The
Baltic Countries
Communist
Execution of Croation People
Catholicism
and Orthodoxy in Russia
History
of Catholicism in Russia
The
Catholic Church in Russia
Soviet
Execution of Russian Clergy
List
of Catholic Dioceses in Ukraine
List
of Catholic Dioceses in Lithuania
***
RULERS
Vladimir
I. Lenin (1917-1924)
Josef V.
Stalin (1924-1953)
Nikita
S. Khrushchev (1953-1964)
Leonid
I. Brezhnev (1964-1982)
Konstantin
U. Chernenko (1984-1985)
Mikhail
S. Gorbachev (1985-1991)
TOP
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Copyright 1999-2000
E-mail comments and questions
to:
Vincent A. Lapomarda
(vlapomar@holycross.edu).