| 1. Examples in sociology are individual people, families, formal organizations, newspaper advertisements, and comic strips. | | |
| 2. Examples are the ratio of men to women, average high school rank, and average SAT score of Harvard students. | | |
| 3. A potential problem when researchers draw conclusions about individuals based on aggregate data that describe social units such as organizations, cities, or nations. | | |
| 4. The variable that the researcher tries to explain or predict. | | |
| 5. It is hypothesized that among first-year students, women attend class more frequently than men. Gender is the _____. | | |
| 6. One object of research design is to identify and control as many of these variables as is feasible. | | |
| 7. A study of the effects of class attendance on grades which only analyzes this relationship among first-year students treats class standing as a _____. | | |
| 8. Measures the strength and the direction of the linear relationship between two quantitative variables. | | |
| 9. Tests of _____ indicate whether an association between variables is likely to have occurred by chance. | | |
| 10. A causal criterion often based on theoretical reasoning. | | |
| 11. Created when an antecedent variable is a common cause of two variables that are statistically associated. | | |
| 12. Specifying the _____ in a relationship enhances theoretical understanding. | | |
| 13. Rejecting the _____ inplies that the research hypothesis is supported. | | |