In a study comparing the percentage of minority students with attendance rates and graduation rates in Massachusetts high schools, the unit of analysis is high schools.

If the graduation rate declines as the percentage of minority students in a high school increases, we can safely conclude that minority students are less likely to graduate than non-minority students.

Independent variable is to cause as dependent variable is to effect.

In a study of the effect of gender on trust, gender would be a control variable.

A negative correlation means that there is no association between variables.

Statistical significance measures the strength of the association between two variables.

Either an antecedent or an intervening variable can create a spurious relationship.

In a study of the impact of gender on aggression, the direction of influence is clear.

A statistically significant, negative association between frequency of alcohol consumption and grade-point average clearly implies that alcohol consumption negatively affects grades.

“Education is related to prejudice” is a proper hypothesis statement.