The measurement process moves from the abstract to the concrete.

“The bonding and bridging of people with one another” is an acceptable operational definition of social capital.

Marital status, as indicated by the categories married, widowed, divorced, separated, or never married, constitutes ordinal-level measurement.

Ratio-level measurement includes all the features of the other levels plus an absolute zero point.

If a measure is reliable, then it must be valid.

Reactive measurement tends to create systematic measurement error.

Random measurement error tends to lower reliability.

Split-half and internal consistency reliability assessments are limited to multi-item measures.

A high correlation between two administrations of the same scale to the same group indicates that the scale has high criterion-related validity.

A scale that is strongly correlated with the tendency to give socially desirable answers lacks discriminant validity.