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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ROMAN PILGRIMAGES: SECONDARY SOURCES

Ackerman, James, “The Planning of Renaissance Rome, 1450-1580”, in Rome in the Renaissance--The City and the Myth, ed. P.A. Ramsey, MRTS, 1982, 3-18. Excellent description of the Rome that the Papacy returned to, c.1420. Mentions that these conditions were described in Papal Bull of Martin V, 1425.

Baedeker, Karl. Central Italy and Rome. Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, Publisher, 1909.

Baldovin, John Francis, S.J, The Urban Character of Christian Worship: The Orgins, Development, and Meaning of Stational Liturgy, Pont. Institutum Studiorum Orientalium: Rome, 1987.

Birch, Debra J., Pilgrimage to Rome in the Middle Ages : continuity and change,  Woodbridge, Suffolk ; Rochester, NY : Boydell Press, 1998.

Cahn, Walter. "Margaret of York’s Guide to the Pilgrimage Churches of Rome." Margaret of York, Simon Marmion, and the Visions of Tondal: papers delivered at a symposium organized by the Department of Manuscripts of the J. Paul Getty in collaboration with the Huntington Library and Art Collections, June 21-24, 1990. Malibu: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1992, 89-98. Summary: Introduces an illuminated manuscript acquired by Yale University's Beinecke Library (New Haven) in 1982. Beinecke MS 639 is possibly attributable to Bruges in the 1470s, and may have been acquired by Margaret ready-made. Notes: In: Margaret of York, Simon Marmion, and the Visions of Tondal : papers delivered at a symposium organized by the Department of Manuscripts of the J. Paul Getty Museum in collaboration with the Huntington Library and Art Collections, June 21-24, 1990. Kren, Thomas, ed. Malibu, J. Paul Getty Museum, 1992.

Gnoli, Umberto, Topografia topomastica di Roma medioevale e moderna, Foligno, 1984 (2nd ed).  Largely a Gazetteer, includes helpful sections of the Maggi-Maupin map of 1625, revised by Losi in 1774, and engravings of various buildings by Israel Silvestre (17th cen).

Frank, Thomas, “English Travelers in Rome”, English Miscellany, 4, 1953, 95-132. Focus on travelers of Elizabethan Age, but covers history of Hospital of St. Thomas of Canterbury and discusses earlier accounts.

Gardner, Julian, “Arnolfo di Cambio and Roman Tomb Design”, Burlington Magazine, CXV, 1973, 420-39.

Gardner, Julian, “Pope Nicholas IV ad the Decoration of Santa Maria Maggiore”, Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte, XXXVI, 1973, 1-50.

Grossi, Joseph L, Jr. Uncommon Fatherland: Medieval English Perceptions of Rome and Italy (John Lydgate, John Capgrave, Anglo-Italian Relations) Ohio State University. Ph. D. Dissertation Advisor Christian K. Kacher. 1999. Summary: This dissertation argues that late medieval English literature depicts Rome and Italy with the same cultural anxieties found in works that imagine the Muslim world. Although partially Orientalizing Rome and Italy, however, the alliterative Morte Arthure, John Lydgate's Fall of Princes and John Capgrave's Solace of Pilgrims also acknowledge their centrality in the European cultural imagination.
The introduction explains the dissertation's methodology and theoretical concerns. It then surveys familiar images of papal Rome and northern Italian bankers and merchants as they appear in literary and official texts. The first chapter focuses on the alliterative Morte Arthure's aligning of imperial Rome and the medieval northern Italian communes with the “Saracen” East and Africa. In the second chapter Lydgate's Fall of Princes is examined for its moralistic and highly critical assessment not only of ancient Roman history but also of the Anglophobic and untrustworthy Boccaccio. Finally, the third chapter shows how in the Solace of Pilgrims Capgrave celebrates Christian Rome's triumph over its earlier pagan identity but also scorns the current barbarity, weak faith and confabulating tendencies of contemporary Romans. The chapter concludes by considering the two different ideas of Rome present in Capgrave's pilgrimage manual and the Book of Margery Kempe.
The English writers analyzed here at once acknowledge the cultural, historical and economic importance of Rome, Florence, Genoa, Venice, Milan and their surrounding regions, but at the same time suggest that ultimately it is English spiritual piety, cultural unity and the steadfastness of English kings and princes that make England superior to Italy. Although England forms, with the Italian city-states, part of the communis patria or common fatherland of imperial and papal Rome, the constant strife and violence in Italy and the subversive traits of Italians in England lead English writers to look beyond and even to question that commonality.

Henkels, H., “Remarks on the Late 3th century Apse Decoration in S. Maria Maggiore”, Simiolus, IV, 1971, 128-49.

Hetherington, Paul, “Pietro Cavallini, Artistic Style and Patronage in Late Medieval Rome”, Burlington Magazine, CXIV, 1972, 4-10.

Heydenreich, Ludwig, Architecture in Italy, 1400-1500, revised by Paul Davies, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. (Pelican History of Art series). Chapter six deals with Roman architecture in the 15th century.

Hulbert, J.R., “Some Medieval Advertisements of Rome”, Modern Philology, 20, 1922-23, 403-424. Deals specifically with the “libri indulgentiarum”, sources helpful for topographical studies and less studied than the Mirabilia or Itineraries of 5th-8th centuries.

Hibbert, Christopher, Rome, Biography of a City, Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin 1987, c1985.

Krautheimer, Richard, Rome, Profile of a City, 312-1308, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980.

Krautheimer, Richard, St. Peter’s and Medieval Rome, Rome: Unione internazionale degli istituti di archeologia, storia e storia dell'arte in Roma, 1985.

Krautheimer, Richard, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.

Llewellyn, Peter, Rome in the Dark Ages, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1996.

Masson, Georgina, The Companion Guide to Rome, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall ; London : Collins, 1983.

Osborne, John. “The Roman catacombs in the Middle Ages.” Papers of the British School at Rome 53 (1985) 278-328.Physical Details: 12 illustrations. Summary: Examines documentary evidence for the use of Rome's suburban cemeteries from the 6th-14th cs; and presents a catalogue of mural paintings added to the catacombs during this period. Argues that there are three distinct phases of use: as large extra-mural cemeteries (ca.200-first half, 6th c.); as pilgrimage sites for the veneration of tombs of saints (6th-early 8th cs.); and as underground chapels and hypogea associated with monasteries (second half, 8th c.-14th c.).

Paoletti, John and Gary Radke: Art in Renaissance Italy, New York: Abrams, Inc., 1997. Fifteenth-Century Rome is discussed on pages 65-74 and 236-245.

Parks, George B., The English Traveler to Italy, Vol. 1, The Middle Ages (to 1525), Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura: Rome, 1954.  A good study of English travelers to Italy in the period. thoroughly covers types of travelers (including pilgrims), establishment of the English hospices in Rome in the late 14th century, jubilee years, and an examination of written accounts of visitors.

Partner, Peter, Renaissance Rome 1500-1559, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976. Although Partner’s work concerns itself with the 16th century, he covers the 15th century in his lengthy Introduction.

Partridge, Loren, The Art of Renaissance Rome, 1400-1600, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996. Chapter one considers the city in the very early 15th century.

Robbins, Deborah King. A Case Study of Medieval Urban Process: Rome's Trastevere (1250-1450) (Italy). Ph. D Dissertation University of California, Berkeley. Advisor: Spiro Kostof. 1989. Summary: This dissertation focuses on the Roman district of Trastevere in the late Middle Ages (1250-1450). The structure of the dissertation is determined by the multiple themes of urban process--topographic, socio-economic, political, religious and architectural. Topographic and socio-economic conditions established in antiquity laid the foundation for Trastevere's medieval development. These include the administrative distinction of Trastevere resulting from its geographic location across the Tiber from the rest of Rome, its early connections with Rome's maritime trade, and the ancient region's street pattern. Trastevere's early medieval transformation was determined by the pathways of old and new streets, and the location of newly important sites and monuments. Continued political ambiguity and conflict result from the region's topographic isolation.
The urban port of Rome, Trastevere's most important economic institution, was located on Trastevere's river bank from the ninth century. This site created an undeniable economic link between Trastevere and Cistiberine Rome, as well as a unique and important Trasteverine neighborhood and market. Another urban center developed around the church of S. Maria in Trastevere, the region's largest basilica. As an urban center, parish church, and landowner, the church of S. Maria was influential in the urban fabric.
Trastevere's medieval residential fabric reveals social determinants. Three classes of houses defined the streets of Trastevere and ranged from the simplest dwelling to impressive palaces, suggesting a mixed social topography. Their organization was structured by family life, while entire neighborhoods responded to the dominance of a noble family compound. Both the public and private realms of the built environment were supervised by municipal building officials. The regulation of Rome's urban fabric, however limited in contrast with some medieval cities, was an important civic concern. The church was also involved in urban regulation in its role as landlord, maintaining the public domain against the threats of private intrusion.
Each of these historical determinants contributed to the urban process and transformed the urban fabric of medieval Trastevere. This analysis of urban process suggests possibilities for fresh interpretations of urban form in Rome and in cities everywhere.

Roma Sacra, periodical published by the Soprintendenza per i beni artistici e storici di Roma, since 1995, ed. Elio de Rosa.  March 1998 issue (itinerary #12) includes Santa Brigida, Santa Caterina della Rota, San Tommaso di Canterbury & Collegio Inglese. Extremely helpful, with maps, photographs and specific bibliography on these sites.

Stinger, Charles L., The Renaissance in Rome, Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998.(paperback ed.)

Guides and Maps
Lanciani, Rodolfo Amedeo. Forma urbis Romae. Roma: Quasar, 1990 or 1893.
Physical Details: 1 atlas (12 p., 46 folded leaves of plates) : col. maps ; 33 cm. Italian ISBN: 8870970132 Summary: Shows ancient and medieval place names, monuments, streets, etc. on a modern base map./ Originally published: scale 1:1,000. Mediolani [Milan] : U. Hoepli, 1893-1901./ Originally issued in fascicles./ Includes indexes.

Szabo, Thomas. “Le vie per Roma.” Storia dei Giubilei, volume primo: 1300-1423. 70-89. Physical Details: 18 ill. (14 col.), maps (some col.), plans (some col.) Summary: On European roads (i.e., pilgrims' routes), 13th-15th cs., leading to Rome. Notes that a comprehensive map of the road system for pilgrims was not available until the Holy Year of 1500.

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